"Trace the expansion of voting rights from white, male, property owners to universal suffrage.  Examine the reaction to this trend in the rise of Jim Crow in the South and efforts to oppose women’s rights."

With: Laura Lovett, Assistant Professor of History, UMASS-Amherst
          Kerry Buckley, Historic Northampton Museum and Education Center
Held: August 7-9, 2007.
           Smith College, Northampton, MA

Primary Sources

1. Abigail and John Adams’s correspondence, 1776.

2. Northampton Association of Education and Industry, Articles of Association and By-Laws, 1842.

3. Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848.

4. Amendment XIV to the United States Constitution, Ratified 1868.

5. Amendment XV to the United States Constitution, Ratified 1870.

6. Henrietta Briggs-Wall, “American Woman and Her Political Peers,” 1893.

7. Henry B. Blackwell, Address to NAWSA Convention, Atlanta, GA, January 31-February 5, 1895.

8. Harriot Stanton Blatch, “Woman as an Economic Factor,” NAWSA Convention, Washington, DC, February 13-19, 1898.

9. Florence Kelley, “Working Woman’s Need of the Ballot,” NAWSA Convention, Washington, DC, February 13-19, 1898.

10. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Educated Suffrage,” NAWSA Convention, Washington, DC, (February 12-18, 1902)

11. Belle Kearney,” The South and Woman Suffrage,” NAWSA Convention, New Orleans, LA, March 15-25, 1903.

12. NASWA Position on the Race Question, 1903.

13. Hampshire Gazette and Northampton Courier, “Why Women Should Vote,” September 25, 1914.

14. Political Cartoon from 1920 Presidential Election.

15. Excerpt, Bruce Barton, “Calvin Coolidge: A Close-Up of a Real American,” 1924.

16. Lucia Maxwell, “Spider Web Chart: The Socialist-Pacifist Movement in America Is an Absolutely Fundamental and Integral Part of International Socialism,” The Dearborn Independent, XXIV (22 March 1924): 11.

Web Resources

• Elections… the American Way: Voters
  Part of the Library of Congress’ American Memory site, this feature gives an overview of voters in American history by looking at which segments of the population could not vote.
•  Teaching with Documents: Woman Suffrage and the 19^th Amendment
  A selection of key primary documents on suffrage from the National Archives with teaching activities guides.
•  “Votes for Women” Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920
  A selection of the most popular suffrage photographs in the Library of Congress collection.
• Vote: The Machinery of Democracy
  This online exhibit, created by the National Museum of American History, explores the process of voting and how that has changed over the course of American history in response to various political and social changes.